Sunday, August 31, 2025

Type of conjunction

1. Coordinating Conjunction

👉 যিবোৰ Conjunction দুটা বা ততোধিক সমমানৰ (equal rank) শব্দ, বাক্যাংশ (phrase) বা উপবাক্য (clause)ক জুৰে, তাক coordinating conjunction কোৱা হয়।
Examples: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet

📖 Example sentence:

I went to the market and bought some fruits.
She is poor but honest.

2. Subordinating Conjunction

👉 যিবোৰ Conjunction **Independent clause (Principal clause)**ৰ লগত **Dependent clause (Subordinate clause)**ক জুৰে, তাক subordinating conjunction কোৱা হয়।
Examples: because, although, though, since, if, unless, until, before, after, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, whereas ইত্যাদি।

📖 Example sentence:

He failed because he was careless.
I will go if it does not rain.

3. Correlative Conjunction

👉 যিবোৰ Conjunction জোৰেৰে (in pairs) ব্যৱহাৰ হয় আৰু একেলগে দুটা সমমানৰ অংশ জুৰে, তাক correlative conjunction কোৱা হয়।
Examples: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also, whether…or

📖 Example sentence:

Either you work hard or you will fail.
She is not only intelligent but also hardworking.

Combine sentences or Synthesis of Sentences

By using Conjunction --

A. Coordinating Conjunctions

(1) AND

He is a teacher. He is a writer. → He is a teacher and a writer.
The sun rose. The birds began to sing. → The sun rose and the birds began to sing.
She opened the book. She started reading. → She opened the book and started reading.
I went to the market. I bought fruits. → I went to the market and bought fruits.
The boy ran fast. He won the race. → The boy ran fast and won the race.

(2) BUT

He is rich. He is not happy. → He is rich but not happy.
She tried hard. She failed. → She tried hard but failed.
The man is old. He is strong. → The man is old but strong.
The boy is poor. He is honest. → The boy is poor but honest.
He worked hard. He could not succeed. → He worked hard but could not succeed.

(3) OR

Work hard. You will fail. → Work hard or you will fail.
Hurry up. You will be late. → Hurry up or you will be late.
Study now. You will regret later. → Study now or you will regret later.
Obey your parents. You will suffer. → Obey your parents or you will suffer.
Take medicine. You cannot recover. → Take medicine or you cannot recover.

(4) NOR

He did not come. He did not send a message. → He neither came nor sent a message.
She cannot sing. She cannot dance. → She can neither sing nor dance.
He did not speak. He did not smile. → He neither spoke nor smiled.
The man had no food. He had no shelter. → The man had neither food nor shelter.
She has no pen. She has no paper. → She has neither pen nor paper.

(5) SO

He was ill. He did not go to school. → He was ill, so he did not go to school.
It was raining. We stayed indoors. → It was raining, so we stayed indoors.
He worked hard. He passed. → He worked hard, so he passed.
She was tired. She went to bed early. → She was tired, so she went to bed early.
The boy shouted. The teacher became angry. → The boy shouted, so the teacher became angry.

(6) YET

He is old. He is active. → He is old, yet active.
She is poor. She is generous. → She is poor, yet generous.
He worked hard. He did not succeed. → He worked hard, yet he did not succeed.
The boy is weak. He runs fast. → The boy is weak, yet he runs fast.
It is raining. They are playing outside. → It is raining, yet they are playing outside.

B. Subordinating Conjunctions

(7) BECAUSE

He failed. He was careless. → He failed because he was careless.
I like him. He is honest. → I like him because he is honest.
We stayed home. It was raining. → We stayed home because it was raining.
She was happy. She won the prize. → She was happy because she won the prize.
He could not run. He was tired. → He could not run because he was tired.

(8) ALTHOUGH / THOUGH

He is poor. He is happy. → He is happy although he is poor.
She was ill. She attended class. → She attended class though she was ill.
He is rich. He is not proud. → He is rich although not proud.
The boy was weak. He tried hard. → The boy tried hard though he was weak.
It was raining. We played football. → We played football although it was raining.

(9) IF

Work hard. You will succeed. → You will succeed if you work hard.
Take rest. You will get well. → You will get well if you take rest.
Obey rules. You will be punished. → You will be punished if you disobey rules.
Read carefully. You will understand. → You will understand if you read carefully.
Come early. You will miss the train. → You will miss the train if you come late.

(10) UNLESS

Work hard. You cannot pass. → You cannot pass unless you work hard.
Take medicine. You will not recover. → You will not recover unless you take medicine.
Obey your parents. You cannot be happy. → You cannot be happy unless you obey your parents.
Hurry up. You will miss the bus. → You will miss the bus unless you hurry up.
Study well. You cannot get good marks. → You cannot get good marks unless you study well.

(11) UNTIL

Wait here. I return. → Wait here until I return.
He will not go. He finishes work. → He will not go until he finishes work.
We cannot start. The teacher comes. → We cannot start until the teacher comes.
Stay here. The rain stops. → Stay here until the rain stops.
Do not leave. I permit you. → Do not leave until I permit you.

(12) WHEN

The sun sets. The stars appear. → The stars appear when the sun sets.
He came. I was reading. → He came when I was reading.
The train arrived. We got in. → We got in when the train arrived.
I was sleeping. He knocked at the door. → He knocked at the door when I was sleeping.
She was singing. Her mother called. → Her mother called when she was singing.

(13) WHILE

I was reading. He was writing. → I was reading while he was writing.
The teacher was teaching. The students were listening. → The students were listening while the teacher was teaching.
He was cooking. She was cleaning. → She was cleaning while he was cooking.
I was studying. The phone rang. → The phone rang while I was studying.
The boy was running. It started raining. → It started raining while the boy was running.

(14) BEFORE

The bell rang. The students entered. → The students entered before the bell rang.
He came. I finished my work. → He came before I finished my work.
She left. I reached home. → She left before I reached home.
The teacher came. The students started noise. → The students started noise before the teacher came.
I could speak. He interrupted. → He interrupted before I could speak.

(15) AFTER

The sun set. The stars appeared. → The stars appeared after the sun set.
He finished his work. He went home. → He went home after he finished his work.
I reached school. The bell rang. → The bell rang after I reached school.
She completed homework. She went to play. → She went to play after completing homework.
The rain stopped. We went out. → We went out after the rain stopped.

(16) SINCE

I like him. He is honest. → I like him since he is honest.
He was absent. He was ill. → He was absent since he was ill.
She is happy. She won the prize. → She is happy since she won the prize.
They stayed home. It was raining. → They stayed home since it was raining.
He cannot play. He is weak. → He cannot play since he is weak.

C. Correlative Conjunctions

(17) EITHER…OR

You must study. You must play. → You must either study or play.
He will come. He will send a message. → He will either come or send a message.
You can take tea. You can take coffee. → You can take either tea or coffee.
She will read. She will write. → She will either read or write.
He may go by bus. He may go by train. → He may go either by bus or by train.

(18) NEITHER…NOR

He does not drink. He does not smoke. → He drinks neither nor smokes.
She does not sing. She does not dance. → She can neither sing nor dance.
He has no pen. He has no paper. → He has neither pen nor paper.
They will not play. They will not study. → They will do neither play nor study.
The man is not rich. He is not poor. → The man is neither rich nor poor.

(19) BOTH…AND

He is intelligent. He is hardworking. → He is both intelligent and hardworking.
She sings well. She dances well. → She can both sing and dance.
He reads. He writes. → He can both read and write.
The boy is tall. He is strong. → The boy is both tall and strong.
She is beautiful. She is kind. → She is both beautiful and kind.

(20) NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO

He is a teacher. He is a writer. → He is not only a teacher but also a writer.
She sings. She dances. → She can not only sing but also dance.
He is rich. He is kind. → He is not only rich but also kind.
The boy is intelligent. He is obedient. → The boy is not only intelligent but also obedient.
She is hardworking. She is honest. → She is not only hardworking but also honest.

By using Participle –

📘 Present Participle – 15 Sentences

Q → A

Q: He saw the lion. He ran away.
A: Seeing the lion, he ran away.
Q: She opened the window. She looked outside.
A: Opening the window, she looked outside.
Q: The boy shouted loudly. He called his friends.
A: Shouting loudly, the boy called his friends.
Q: The farmer ploughed the field. He sang a song.
A: Ploughing the field, the farmer sang a song.
Q: He read the book. He made notes.
A: Reading the book, he made notes.
Q: The old woman sat on the bench. She waited for her son.
A: Sitting on the bench, the old woman waited for her son.
Q: The players shouted with joy. They lifted the trophy.
A: Shouting with joy, the players lifted the trophy.
Q: The child cried loudly. He wanted milk.
A: Crying loudly, the child wanted milk.
Q: She walked on the road. She met her friend.
A: Walking on the road, she met her friend.
Q: The man carried a bag. He crossed the bridge.
A: Carrying a bag, the man crossed the bridge.
Q: The teacher explained the lesson. He wrote on the board.
A: Explaining the lesson, the teacher wrote on the board.
Q: The girl danced gracefully. She won everyone’s heart.
A: Dancing gracefully, the girl won everyone’s heart.
Q: The dog barked loudly. It chased the stranger.
A: Barking loudly, the dog chased the stranger.
Q: He entered the room. He greeted his parents.
A: Entering the room, he greeted his parents.
Q: She sang a song. She played the harmonium.
A: Singing a song, she played the harmonium.

📘 Perfect Participle – 15 Sentences

Q → A

Q: He finished his work. He went home.
A: Having finished his work, he went home.
Q: She completed her studies. She got a job.
A: Having completed her studies, she got a job.
Q: They ate food. They went to play.
A: Having eaten food, they went to play.
Q: He took bath. He sat to pray.
A: Having taken bath, he sat to pray.
Q: The sun rose. The fog disappeared.
A: The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.
Q: She received the letter. She began to cry.
A: Having received the letter, she began to cry.
Q: He lost all hope. He sat silently.
A: Having lost all hope, he sat silently.
Q: The boy learnt his lesson. He went to school.
A: Having learnt his lesson, the boy went to school.
Q: They visited Delhi. They wrote about it.
A: Having visited Delhi, they wrote about it.
Q: He read the poem. He explained it.
A: Having read the poem, he explained it.
Q: She cooked the meal. She served it.
A: Having cooked the meal, she served it.
Q: The man saw the accident. He informed the police.
A: Having seen the accident, the man informed the police.
Q: The players practised well. They won the match.
A: Having practised well, the players won the match.
Q: The teacher entered the class. He began to teach.
A: Having entered the class, the teacher began to teach.
Q: The soldier fought bravely. He died for the country.
A: Having fought bravely, the soldier died for the country.

By Using To

📘 Infinitive Sentences

Purpose

Q: He went to the shop. He bought milk.
A: He went to the shop to buy milk.
Q: She opened the book. She read the poem.
A: She opened the book to read the poem.
Q: They shouted loudly. They wanted to warn others.
A: They shouted loudly to warn others.
Q: He stood up. He wanted to give an answer.
A: He stood up to give an answer.

Result / Reason

Q: He is very old. He cannot run.
A: He is too old to run.
Q: The box is very heavy. We cannot lift it.
A: The box is too heavy to lift.
Q: She is clever. She can solve the puzzle.
A: She is clever enough to solve the puzzle.
Q: He is very lazy. He cannot wake up early.
A: He is too lazy to wake up early.

Noun Use (Subject/Object)

Q: Making mistakes is human.
A: To make mistakes is human.
Q: Reading books gives us knowledge.
A: To read books gives us knowledge.
Q: He likes football. He likes playing.
A: He likes to play football.
Q: Our duty is simple. We must obey parents.
A: Our duty is to obey parents.

Adjective Use

Q: I have some homework. I must do it.
A: I have some homework to do.
Q: She has many problems. She must solve them.
A: She has many problems to solve.
Q: This is the best place. We can stay here.
A: This is the best place to stay.

Adverb Use

Q: He came here. He wanted to meet me.
A: He came here to meet me.
Q: The teacher gave examples. He wanted to explain the rule.
A: The teacher gave examples to explain the rule.

After certain adjectives / verbs

Q: She is eager. She wants to learn English.
A: She is eager to learn English.
Q: He decided. He will join the army.
A: He decided to join the army.
Q: She promised. She will help me.
A: She promised to help me.

1. 📘 A. By using “both…and”

Q: He reads English. He reads Assamese.
A: He reads both English and Assamese.
Q: She is intelligent. She is hardworking.
A: She is both intelligent and hardworking.
Q: The boy plays cricket. The boy plays football.
A: The boy plays both cricket and football.
Q: My father is a teacher. My father is a farmer.
A: My father is both a teacher and a farmer.
Q: He went to Delhi. He went to Mumbai.
A: He went to both Delhi and Mumbai.
Q: The child is clever. The child is obedient.
A: The child is both clever and obedient.
Q: I like tea. I like coffee.
A: I like both tea and coffee.
Q: She sings. She dances.
A: She can both sing and dance.
Q: The boy is tall. The boy is strong.
A: The boy is both tall and strong.
Q: He can read. He can write.
A: He can both read and write.
Q: Our school has a library. Our school has a playground.
A: Our school has both a library and a playground.
Q: My friend is honest. My friend is brave.
A: My friend is both honest and brave.
Q: The girl sang a song. The girl played the piano.
A: The girl both sang a song and played the piano.
Q: The man is rich. The man is kind.
A: The man is both rich and kind.
Q: The baby can laugh. The baby can cry.
A: The baby can both laugh and cry.

📘🔹 2. Using Relative Pronouns (who, which, that, whose, where, when)

Q1. I met a girl. She was singing a song.
👉 I met a girl who was singing a song.

Q2. He has a car. It is very expensive.
👉 He has a car which is very expensive.

Q3. I know the boy. His father is a doctor.
👉 I know the boy whose father is a doctor.

Q4. This is the school. I studied here.
👉 This is the school where I studied.

Q5. I remember the day. We first met then.
👉 I remember the day when we first met.

Q6. She bought a pen. The pen writes smoothly.
👉 She bought a pen that writes smoothly.

Q7. The man is my uncle. He is standing there.
👉 The man who is standing there is my uncle.

Q8. I have a friend. He plays cricket well.
👉 I have a friend who plays cricket well.

Q9. This is the city. My brother lives here.
👉 This is the city where my brother lives.

Q10. That is the woman. She helped me.
👉 That is the woman who helped me.

Q11. I met a person. He was blind.
👉 I met a person who was blind.

Q12. This is the book. I need it.
👉 This is the book that I need.

Q13. I visited a temple. It was very old.
👉 I visited a temple which was very old.

Q14. I know the teacher. He taught you English.
👉 I know the teacher who taught you English.

Q15. This is the boy. His bag was stolen.
👉 This is the boy whose bag was stolen.

🔹 3. Using Prepositions + Nouns/Pronouns

Q1. He was punished. He told a lie.
👉 He was punished for telling a lie.

Q2. He failed. He was careless.
👉 He failed for his carelessness.

Q3. She cried. She lost her book.
👉 She cried at the loss of her book.

Q4. He could not succeed. He had lack of money.
👉 He could not succeed for want of money.

Q5. We should love our country. It is our motherland.
👉 We should love our country for its being our motherland.

Q6. I respect him. He is honest.
👉 I respect him for his honesty.

Q7. He died. He was overworked.
👉 He died from overwork.

Q8. She became famous. She sang beautifully.
👉 She became famous for her beautiful singing.

Q9. The students shouted. They saw the result.
👉 The students shouted at the sight of the result.

Q10. He succeeded. He was sincere.
👉 He succeeded by his sincerity.

Q11. They rejoiced. They won the match.
👉 They rejoiced at winning the match.

Q12. He could not walk. He was weak.
👉 He could not walk because of weakness.

Q13. He was punished. He broke the rules.
👉 He was punished for breaking the rules.

Q14. She was saved. She had courage.
👉 She was saved by her courage.

Q15. He is admired. He is brave.
👉 He is admired for his bravery.

🔹 4. Using Absolute Phrases

Q1. The sun rose. The fog disappeared.
👉 The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.

Q2. The work was done. They left the office.
👉 The work done, they left the office.

Q3. It was raining. We stayed indoors.
👉 It being rainy, we stayed indoors.

Q4. The bell rang. The students entered.
👉 The bell having rung, the students entered.

Q5. His father died. He left the village.
👉 His father dead, he left the village.

Q6. The match was over. We went home.
👉 The match over, we went home.

Q7. The weather was fine. We went out.
👉 The weather being fine, we went out.

Q8. The train arrived. We got in.
👉 The train having arrived, we got in.

Q9. The teacher came. The students stood up.
👉 The teacher having come, the students stood up.

Q10. The signal was given. The train started.
👉 The signal given, the train started.

Q11. The rain stopped. We went out.
👉 The rain having stopped, we went out.

Q12. The exam was over. The students rejoiced.
👉 The exam over, the students rejoiced.

Q13. The moon rose. The stars disappeared.
👉 The moon having risen, the stars disappeared.

Q14. The speech ended. The people clapped.
👉 The speech ended, the people clapped.

Q15. The thief was caught. He was handed over to police.
👉 The thief caught, he was handed over to police.

🔹 5. Using Apposition

Q1. Rabindranath Tagore was a great poet. He won the Nobel Prize.
👉 Rabindranath Tagore, a great poet, won the Nobel Prize.

Q2. Nehru was the first Prime Minister. He loved children.
👉 Nehru, the first Prime Minister, loved children.

Q3. Ashoka was a great king. He spread Buddhism.
👉 Ashoka, a great king, spread Buddhism.

Q4. Kalidasa was a poet. He wrote Meghaduta.
👉 Kalidasa, a poet, wrote Meghaduta.

Q5. Sachin Tendulkar is a cricketer. He is called the God of Cricket.
👉 Sachin Tendulkar, a cricketer, is called the God of Cricket.

Q6. Bhagat Singh was a patriot. He sacrificed his life.
👉 Bhagat Singh, a patriot, sacrificed his life.

Q7. Einstein was a scientist. He developed the theory of relativity.
👉 Einstein, a scientist, developed the theory of relativity.

Q8. Shakespeare was a dramatist. He wrote Hamlet.
👉 Shakespeare, a dramatist, wrote Hamlet.

Q9. Dr. Abdul Kalam was a scientist. He became President.
👉 Dr. Abdul Kalam, a scientist, became President.

Q10. Rani Laxmibai was a queen. She fought against the British.
👉 Rani Laxmibai, a queen, fought against the British.

Q11. Gandhi was a leader. He fought with truth.
👉 Gandhi, a leader, fought with truth.

Q12. Newton was a scientist. He discovered gravity.
👉 Newton, a scientist, discovered gravity.

Q13. Beethoven was a musician. He composed great symphonies.
👉 Beethoven, a musician, composed great symphonies.

Q14. Indira Gandhi was a Prime Minister. She was brave.
👉 Indira Gandhi, a Prime Minister, was brave.

Q15. Mother Teresa was a nun. She served the poor.
👉 Mother Teresa, a nun, served the poor.

🔹 6. Using Adverb / Adverbial Phrase

Q1. He was very weak. He could not walk.
👉 He was too weak to walk.

Q2. He worked hard. He passed the exam.
👉 He worked hard and so passed the exam.

Q3. She spoke loudly. Everyone heard her.
👉 She spoke loudly enough for everyone to hear.

Q4. He is very rich. He does not help others.
👉 He is rich, yet he does not help others.

Q5. He was very tired. He slept immediately.
👉 He was tired enough to sleep immediately.

Q6. He ran fast. He caught the bus.
👉 He ran fast enough to catch the bus.

Q7. He studied well. He got good marks.
👉 He studied well and so got good marks.

Q8. He was late. He missed the train.
👉 He was late and therefore missed the train.

Q9. The boy was hungry. He ate quickly.
👉 The boy was hungry so he ate quickly.

Q10. The child was very small. He could not lift the bag.
👉 The child was too small to lift the bag.

Q11. He was clever. He solved the problem.
👉 He was clever enough to solve the problem.

Q12. The water was dirty. We could not drink it.
👉 The water was too dirty to drink.

Q13. He is lazy. He cannot succeed.
👉 He is too lazy to succeed.

Q14. She is brave. She can face any danger.
👉 She is brave enough to face any danger.

Q15. The tea was hot. I could not drink it.
👉 The tea was too hot to drink.

🔹 7. Using Conditional Clauses (If/Unless)

Q1. Work hard. You will pass.
👉 If you work hard, you will pass.

Q2. Don’t waste time. You will fail.
👉 You will fail if you waste time.

Q3. Help others. They will help you.
👉 Others will help you if you help them.

Q4. Obey your parents. They will bless you.
👉 Your parents will bless you if you obey them.

Q5. Be kind. People will love you.
👉 People will love you if you are kind.

Q6. Don’t study. You won’t succeed.
👉 If you don’t study, you won’t succeed.

Q7. Hurry up. You will miss the bus.
👉 You will miss the bus unless you hurry up.

Q8. Don’t eat too much. You will be ill.
👉 You will be ill if you eat too much.

Q9. Don’t be honest. Nobody will trust you.
👉 Nobody will trust you unless you are honest.

Q10. Be polite. Everyone will respect you.
👉 Everyone will respect you if you are polite.

Q11. Save money. You will need it.
👉 You will need money if you save it.

Q12. Don’t run fast. You will fall.
👉 You will fall if you run fast.

Q13. Study well. You will get good marks.
👉 You will get good marks if you study well.

Q14. Don’t help others. They won’t help you.
👉 They won’t help you unless you help them.

Q15. Obey the rules. You will be safe.
👉 You will be safe if you obey the rules.

🔹 8. Using Cause/Reason Clauses (Because/Since/As)

Q1. He could not come. He was ill.
👉 He could not come because he was ill.

Q2. Everybody likes her. She is kind.
👉 Everybody likes her because she is kind.

Q3. He was late. The bus left.
👉 The bus left because he was late.

Q4. She did not go out. It was raining.
👉 She did not go out because it was raining.

Q5. He was punished. He told a lie.
👉 He was punished because he told a lie.

Q6. He failed. He was careless.
👉 He failed because he was careless.

Q7. She was happy. She won a prize.
👉 She was happy because she won a prize.

Q8. He could not walk. He was weak.
👉 He could not walk because he was weak.

Q9. They left early. They had to catch a train.
👉 They left early because they had to catch a train.

Q10. He lost his job. He was careless.
👉 He lost his job because he was careless.

Q11. The farmer was happy. He got good harvest.
👉 The farmer was happy because he got good harvest.

Q12. The teacher scolded him. He was lazy.
👉 The teacher scolded him because he was lazy.

Q13. She cried. She lost her purse.
👉 She cried because she lost her purse.

Q14. They rejoiced. They won the match.
👉 They rejoiced because they won the match.

Q15. I stayed home. It was very hot.
👉 I stayed home because it was very hot.

🔹 9. Using Time Clauses (When, While, After, Before, As soon as, Until)

Q1. The bell rang. The students entered.
👉 The students entered when the bell rang.

Q2. He finished his work. Then he went home.
👉 He went home after he finished his work.

Q3. He took his meal. Then he went out.
👉 He went out after taking his meal.

Q4. He was reading. His father came.
👉 His father came while he was reading.

Q5. The train arrived. We got in.
👉 We got in as soon as the train arrived.

Q6. I reached home. It began to rain.
👉 It began to rain when I reached home.

Q7. She was cooking. The guests arrived.
👉 The guests arrived while she was cooking.

Q8. He completed his studies. He got a job.
👉 He got a job after he completed his studies.

Q9. He came. I was sleeping.
👉 He came while I was sleeping.

Q10. I heard the news. I informed him.
👉 I informed him as soon as I heard the news.

Q11. He left. I reached.
👉 He had left before I reached.

Q12. They finished the work. They took rest.
👉 They took rest after they finished the work.

Q13. He entered the class. The students stood up.
👉 The students stood up when he entered the class.

Q14. I was reading. The phone rang.
👉 The phone rang while I was reading.

Q15. She waited. He came.
👉 She waited until he came.

10 B. By using “enough”

Adjective/Adverb + enough + to + Verb
Enough + Noun + to + Verb

Q: He is very strong. He can lift the box.
A: He is strong enough to lift the box.
Q: The girl is very intelligent. She can solve the sum.
A: The girl is intelligent enough to solve the sum.
Q: The man is very rich. He can buy the car.
A: The man is rich enough to buy the car.
Q: The tea is very hot. We can drink it.
A: The tea is hot enough to drink.
Q: The boy is very clever. He can answer the question.
A: The boy is clever enough to answer the question.
Q: She is very tall. She can reach the shelf.
A: She is tall enough to reach the shelf.
Q: The box is very light. He can carry it.
A: The box is light enough to carry.
Q: The boy is very old. He can go to school.
A: The boy is old enough to go to school.
Q: The man was very brave. He could fight the tiger.
A: The man was brave enough to fight the tiger.
Q: She is very beautiful. She can win the prize.
A: She is beautiful enough to win the prize.
Q: The room is very big. It can hold 100 students.
A: The room is big enough to hold 100 students.
Q: The boy is very fast. He can catch the bus.
A: The boy is fast enough to catch the bus.
Q: The girl is very careful. She can do the work.
A: The girl is careful enough to do the work.
Q: The boy is very strong. He can swim across the river.
A: The boy is strong enough to swim across the river.
Q: The fruit is very sweet. We can eat it.
A: The fruit is sweet enough to eat.

11. 📘 A. By using “so…that”

Rule: so + adjective/adverb + that + clause

Q: He is very weak. He cannot walk.
A: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Q: The sum is very difficult. I cannot solve it.
A: The sum is so difficult that I cannot solve it.
Q: The boy was very tired. He could not play.
A: The boy was so tired that he could not play.
Q: The girl was very sad. She began to cry.
A: The girl was so sad that she began to cry.
Q: The room was very small. It could not hold many students.
A: The room was so small that it could not hold many students.
Q: The old man was very weak. He could not walk fast.
A: The old man was so weak that he could not walk fast.
Q: The boy was very angry. He shouted loudly.
A: The boy was so angry that he shouted loudly.
Q: The day was very hot. We could not play.
A: The day was so hot that we could not play.
Q: The child was very hungry. He began to cry.
A: The child was so hungry that he began to cry.
Q: The tea was very hot. I could not drink it.
A: The tea was so hot that I could not drink it.
Q: The man was very poor. He could not buy food.
A: The man was so poor that he could not buy food.
Q: The boy was very clever. He could answer the question easily.
A: The boy was so clever that he could answer the question easily.
Q: The road was very slippery. We could not walk on it.
A: The road was so slippery that we could not walk on it.
Q: The story was very interesting. I read it twice.
A: The story was so interesting that I read it twice.
Q: The girl was very beautiful. Everyone praised her.
A: The girl was so beautiful that everyone praised her.

12.📘 B. By using “too…to”

Rule: too + adjective/adverb + to + verb

Q: He is very weak. He cannot run.
A: He is too weak to run.
Q: The tea is very hot. We cannot drink it.
A: The tea is too hot to drink.
Q: The boy is very young. He cannot go to school.
A: The boy is too young to go to school.
Q: The sum is very hard. I cannot solve it.
A: The sum is too hard to solve.
Q: The old man is very ill. He cannot work.
A: The old man is too ill to work.
Q: The man is very poor. He cannot buy a car.
A: The man is too poor to buy a car.
Q: The box is very heavy. I cannot lift it.
A: The box is too heavy to lift.
Q: The boy is very short. He cannot reach the shelf.
A: The boy is too short to reach the shelf.
Q: The day is very cold. We cannot go outside.
A: The day is too cold to go outside.
Q: The child is very small. He cannot play football.
A: The child is too small to play football.
Q: The boy is very lazy. He cannot study.
A: The boy is too lazy to study.
Q: The hill is very high. We cannot climb it.
A: The hill is too high to climb.
Q: The movie is very boring. I cannot watch it.
A: The movie is too boring to watch.
Q: The train is very crowded. We cannot enter.
A: The train is too crowded to enter.
Q: The river is very deep. We cannot swim across it.
A: The river is too deep to swim across.

13.📘 C. By using “No sooner…than”

Rule: No sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + clause

Q: He reached the station. The train left.
A: No sooner had he reached the station than the train left.
Q: He opened the box. He found the gold.
A: No sooner had he opened the box than he found the gold.
Q: She finished her work. She went home.
A: No sooner had she finished her work than she went home.
Q: The bell rang. The students entered the class.
A: No sooner had the bell rung than the students entered the class.
Q: He heard the news. He began to cry.
A: No sooner had he heard the news than he began to cry.
Q: She saw the snake. She screamed.
A: No sooner had she seen the snake than she screamed.
Q: He read the letter. He tore it.
A: No sooner had he read the letter than he tore it.
Q: He drank the milk. He felt sick.
A: No sooner had he drunk the milk than he felt sick.
Q: The teacher entered the class. The students stood up.
A: No sooner had the teacher entered the class than the students stood up.
Q: He opened the door. The dog ran out.
A: No sooner had he opened the door than the dog ran out.
Q: The match started. It began to rain.
A: No sooner had the match started than it began to rain.
Q: The train arrived. The passengers rushed forward.
A: No sooner had the train arrived than the passengers rushed forward.
Q: He reached home. It began to rain.
A: No sooner had he reached home than it began to rain.
Q: She entered the room. Everyone clapped.
A: No sooner had she entered the room than everyone clapped.
Q: The child saw the balloon. He cried with joy.
A: No sooner had the child seen the balloon than he cried with joy.

14.📘 D. By using “Hardly…when”

Rule: Hardly + had + subject + past participle + when + clause

Q: He reached the station. The train left.
A: Hardly had he reached the station when the train left.
Q: He opened the box. He found the gold.
A: Hardly had he opened the box when he found the gold.
Q: She finished her work. She went home.
A: Hardly had she finished her work when she went home.
Q: The bell rang. The students entered the class.
A: Hardly had the bell rung when the students entered the class.
Q: He heard the news. He began to cry.
A: Hardly had he heard the news when he began to cry.
Q: She saw the snake. She screamed.
A: Hardly had she seen the snake when she screamed.
Q: He read the letter. He tore it.
A: Hardly had he read the letter when he tore it.
Q: He drank the milk. He felt sick.
A: Hardly had he drunk the milk when he felt sick.
Q: The teacher entered the class. The students stood up.
A: Hardly had the teacher entered the class when the students stood up.
Q: He opened the door. The dog ran out.
A: Hardly had he opened the door when the dog ran out.
Q: The match started. It began to rain.
A: Hardly had the match started when it began to rain.
Q: The train arrived. The passengers rushed forward.
A: Hardly had the train arrived when the passengers rushed forward.
Q: He reached home. It began to rain.
A: Hardly had he reached home when it began to rain.
Q: She entered the room. Everyone clapped.
A: Hardly had she entered the room when everyone clapped.
Q: The child saw the balloon. He cried with joy.
A: Hardly had the child seen the balloon when he cried with joy.

15. 📘 By using Relative Pronoun (who/which/that)

Q1. I met a boy. He is my cousin.
Ans. I met a boy who is my cousin.

Q2. This is the pen. I lost it yesterday.
Ans. This is the pen which I lost yesterday.

Q3. She is the girl. She won the prize.
Ans. She is the girl who won the prize.

Q4. I know the man. He is very rich.
Ans. I know the man who is very rich.

Q5. This is the house. My father built it.
Ans. This is the house that my father built.

Q6. The teacher praised the boy. He stood first.
Ans. The teacher praised the boy who stood first.

Q7. This is the river. It flows through Assam.
Ans. This is the river which flows through Assam.

Q8. The girl is honest. She helps the poor.
Ans. The girl who helps the poor is honest.

Q9. I read the book. You gave it to me.
Ans. I read the book which you gave me.

Q10. He is the soldier. He fought bravely.
Ans. He is the soldier who fought bravely.

Q11. This is the tree. It gives us shade.
Ans. This is the tree which gives us shade.

Q12. The boy helped me. He was kind.
Ans. The boy who was kind helped me.

Q13. This is the city. I was born here.
Ans. This is the city where I was born.

Q14. She met the lady. She teaches English.
Ans. She met the lady who teaches English.

Q15. That is the man. His car was stolen.
Ans. That is the man whose car was stolen.

16.📘 . By using Apposition

Q1. Kalidasa was a great poet. He wrote Meghaduta.
Ans. Kalidasa, a great poet, wrote Meghaduta.

Q2. Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was the President of India. He was a scientist.
Ans. Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, the President of India, was a scientist.

Q3. Mr. Sharma is our teacher. He teaches English.
Ans. Mr. Sharma, our teacher, teaches English.

Q4. Guwahati is a big city. It is on the Brahmaputra.
Ans. Guwahati, a big city, is on the Brahmaputra.

Q5. Bhagat Singh was a freedom fighter. He was very brave.
Ans. Bhagat Singh, a freedom fighter, was very brave.

Q6. Rabindranath Tagore wrote Gitanjali. He was a Nobel Laureate.
Ans. Rabindranath Tagore, a Nobel Laureate, wrote Gitanjali.

Q7. Mount Everest is the highest peak. It is in the Himalayas.
Ans. Mount Everest, the highest peak, is in the Himalayas.

Q8. Mr. Das is my uncle. He lives in Delhi.
Ans. Mr. Das, my uncle, lives in Delhi.

Q9. Pluto was once a planet. It is now a dwarf planet.
Ans. Pluto, once a planet, is now a dwarf planet.

Q10. Dr. Radhakrishnan was a philosopher. He became President of India.
Ans. Dr. Radhakrishnan, a philosopher, became President of India.

Q11. Brahmaputra is a mighty river. It flows through Assam.
Ans. Brahmaputra, a mighty river, flows through Assam.

Q12. Mahatma Gandhi led India’s freedom struggle. He is called the Father of the Nation.
Ans. Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation, led India’s freedom struggle.

Q13. Sachin Tendulkar is a cricketer. He is called the God of Cricket.
Ans. Sachin Tendulkar, the God of Cricket, is a cricketer.

Q14. Jupiter is a planet. It is the largest in the solar system.
Ans. Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, is very big.

Q15. Einstein discovered the theory of relativity. He was a great scientist.
Ans. Einstein, a great scientist, discovered the theory of relativity.

17.📘 By using Absolute Phrase

Q1. The sun set. We returned home.
Ans. The sun having set, we returned home.

Q2. The teacher entered. The class became silent.
Ans. The teacher having entered, the class became silent.

Q3. The match was over. The players left the field.
Ans. The match being over, the players left the field.

Q4. The work was finished. The men went home.
Ans. The work having been finished, the men went home.

Q5. The bell rang. The students came out.
Ans. The bell having rung, the students came out.

Q6. The rain stopped. We went for a walk.
Ans. The rain having stopped, we went for a walk.

Q7. His health was good. He could work hard.
Ans. His health being good, he could work hard.

Q8. The road was blocked. We took another way.
Ans. The road being blocked, we took another way.

Q9. The leader spoke. Everyone listened.
Ans. The leader having spoken, everyone listened.

Q10. The thief was caught. He was handed to police.
Ans. The thief having been caught, he was handed to police.

Q11. The train arrived. The passengers got down.
Ans. The train having arrived, the passengers got down.

Q12. The weather was fine. We went for a picnic.
Ans. The weather being fine, we went for a picnic.

Q13. The stars appeared. Night grew darker.
Ans. The stars having appeared, night grew darker.

Q14. The chief guest came. The function started.
Ans. The chief guest having come, the function started.

Q15. His duty was over. He left the office.
Ans. His duty having been over, he left the office.

Tuesday, August 26, 2025

Louis Pasteur

Lesson 5 – Louis Pasteur

Complete Question Bank

A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) – 1 Mark

Rabies is caused by:
a) Bacteria
b) Virus
c) Fungus
d) Parasite
➝ Answer: b) Virus
The mosquito that spreads malaria is:
a) Aedes
b) Culex
c) Anopheles
d) Housefly
➝ Answer: c) Anopheles
Which awareness symbol is used for AIDS?
a) White ribbon
b) Yellow ribbon
c) Red ribbon
d) Blue ribbon
➝ Answer: c) Red ribbon
Louis Pasteur tested his rabies cure on:
a) Dogs
b) Rabbits
c) Cats
d) Rats
➝ Answer: b) Rabbits
The boy was brought to Pasteur on:
a) July 6, 1885
b) July 6, 1888
c) June 6, 1885
d) June 6, 1888
➝ Answer: a) July 6, 1885
The Pasteur Institute was founded in:
a) 1885
b) 1888
c) 1895
d) 1900
➝ Answer: b) 1888
Louis Pasteur died in:
a) 1888
b) 1890
c) 1895
d) 1900
➝ Answer: c) 1895

B. Very Short Answer (VSA) – 1 Mark

Who found a cure for rabies?
➝ Louis Pasteur
Where was Louis Pasteur born?
➝ Abois, a small town in France
Which part of the body is affected by rabies?
➝ The brain
What happens to animals suffering from rabies?
➝ They go mad and die
Prevention is the only cure for which disease?
➝ AIDS
Mention two complications of measles.
➝ Pneumonia and diarrhoea
Rubella is caused by a ______.
➝ Virus

C. Short Answer (SA) – 2–3 Marks

How do humans get rabies?
➝ Humans get rabies when bitten or scratched by animals suffering from rabies.
Why was Louis Pasteur disturbed as a child after hearing about the mad wolf?
➝ Because he knew rabies was a deadly disease and the bitten man would die.
What request did the boy’s mother make to Pasteur in 1885?
➝ She begged him to save her son’s life and said she was ready to give him everything she had.
How did Pasteur test his rabies cure on animals?
➝ He experimented on rabbits by injecting them with the rabies virus and succeeded in curing them.
What is the Pasteur Institute dedicated to?
➝ The study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines.
Mention two preventive measures for malaria.
➝ (i) Use mosquito repellent
➝ (ii) Sleep under a mosquito net

D. Long Answer (LA) – 5 Marks

Describe the childhood incident that made Louis Pasteur think seriously about rabies.
➝ When Louis was a boy in Abois, a frightened man ran towards him saying someone had been bitten by a mad wolf. Louis was scared because he knew rabies was fatal and the man would die. This incident disturbed him and later inspired him to discover a cure.
How did Louis Pasteur discover and test the cure for rabies?
➝ Pasteur experimented on rabbits by injecting them with the rabies virus and succeeded in curing them. In 1885, a boy bitten by a mad dog was brought to him. Though unsure if it would work on humans, Pasteur injected the boy and kept him under watch. The boy survived, proving the treatment successful. This discovery made Pasteur famous worldwide.
Write a short note on the Pasteur Institute.
➝ The French government founded the Pasteur Institute in Paris in 1888. It is dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines. It carries forward Pasteur’s legacy of medical research and continues to contribute to science.
“Prevention is better than cure.” Explain this in the context of deadly diseases.
➝ Diseases like AIDS, rabies, and malaria have serious consequences. AIDS has no cure, rabies is fatal if untreated, and malaria spreads quickly. Preventive measures such as vaccinations, hygiene, awareness, avoiding animal bites, and using mosquito nets/repellents are the best ways to remain safe.

Louis Pasteur

A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

Which disease did Louis Pasteur discover to be caused by a deadly virus?
a) Malaria
b) Rabies ✅
c) Measles
d) AIDS
When did Pasteur treat the first human being with his rabies vaccine?
a) 1875
b) 1885 ✅
c) 1888
d) 1895
Who came to Pasteur crying for her son’s life after a dog bite?
a) A nurse
b) The boy’s teacher
c) The boy’s mother ✅
d) A doctor
Which year was the Pasteur Institute founded in Paris?
a) 1885
b) 1888 ✅
c) 1890
d) 1895
When did Louis Pasteur die?
a) 1885
b) 1888
c) 1890
d) 1895 ✅
The Pasteur Institute is dedicated to the study of—
a) Physics and Chemistry
b) Biology, micro-organisms, diseases and vaccines ✅
c) Astronomy and Space
d) Mathematics

B. Very Short Answer (VSA) – 1 mark

Name the virus that causes rabies.
- Rabies virus.
Who was the first human to receive Pasteur’s treatment?
- A young boy bitten by a mad dog in 1885.
What did the boy’s mother offer Pasteur in return for saving her son?
- She offered him everything she had.
What was Pasteur’s greatest fear before treating the boy?
- He was unsure if the treatment would work on humans.
What made Pasteur famous all over the world?
- His successful treatment of rabies in humans.
When was the Pasteur Institute established?
- In 1888.
Where is the Pasteur Institute located?
- In Paris, France.
In which year did Louis Pasteur die?
- In 1895.

C. Short Answer (SA) – 2/3 marks

How did Pasteur cure rabbits suffering from rabies?
- He injected them with the rabies virus in a controlled manner and succeeded in curing them.
What was Pasteur’s reaction when the boy’s mother pleaded for help?
- He consoled her, saying he would do whatever he could. Though unsure of success, he decided to take the risk for the sake of humanity.
What risk did Pasteur take in 1885?
- He injected a boy bitten by a mad dog with his rabies treatment though it had never been tested on humans before.
How did the boy respond to Pasteur’s treatment?
- The boy recovered successfully, proving the treatment worked.
Why was the Pasteur Institute founded?
- To study biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines.

D. Long Answer (LA) – 5 marks

Describe how Louis Pasteur discovered the rabies treatment and its first use on a human being.
- Pasteur discovered the virus causing rabies while experimenting on rabbits. He cured rabbits by injecting them with the virus. In 1885, when a boy was bitten by a mad dog, his mother begged Pasteur to save him. Though unsure, Pasteur took the risk, injected the boy with his treatment, and successfully cured him. This made him world-famous.
Explain the significance of Pasteur’s discovery of rabies treatment.
- Pasteur’s discovery gave hope to humanity against deadly diseases. His successful treatment proved that science could cure diseases caused by micro-organisms. This not only saved lives but also led to the establishment of the Pasteur Institute in 1888, which continues research on biology and vaccines.
Write a short note on the Pasteur Institute.
- The Pasteur Institute was founded by the French government in 1888 in Paris. It is dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines. It stands as a tribute to Pasteur’s contribution to medical science and continues his legacy of research and innovation.
“Maybe it will benefit the entire human race in the future.” – Explain this statement of Louis Pasteur.
- Pasteur said this when he decided to risk his new rabies treatment on a human being. He believed that if it worked, it would benefit not just the boy but all of humanity by saving lives from rabies in the future. His courage and vision proved true, as his treatment indeed saved millions of lives.

Monday, August 25, 2025

Coorg

Coorg – Question Bank with Answers

Very Short Answer (VSA) – 1 mark

Where is Coorg located?
– Midway between Mysore and Mangalore, in Karnataka.
What is Coorg famous for?
– Coffee and rain.
Which two places lie on either side of Coorg?
– Mysore and Mangalore.
What covers thirty per cent of Coorg’s district?
– Evergreen rainforests.
Which months are the best season to visit Coorg?
– September to March.
What smell fills the air of Coorg?
– The invigorating smell of coffee.
What kind of houses are seen in Coorg?
– Coffee estates and colonial bungalows.
Who are the people of Coorg possibly descended from?
– Greeks or Arabs.
What is the traditional long black coat worn by the Kodavus called?
– Kuppia.
Which Arab garment does the kuppia resemble?
– The kuffia.
What is Coorgi culture known for?
– Martial traditions, marriages and religious rites.
What is special about Coorgi hospitality?
– They warmly welcome guests and share tales of valour.
Who was the first Chief of the Indian Army from Coorg?
– General Cariappa.
Which Indian community can carry firearms without a licence?
– The Kodavus (Coorgis).
Which river gets its water from Coorg’s hills and forests?
– The river Kaveri.
Name one large freshwater fish found in Coorg’s waters.
– The Mahaseer.
Who bathes elephants in the Kaveri river?
– Their mahouts.
Name any two adventure sports popular in Coorg.
– River rafting and rock climbing. (Other options: canoeing, rappelling, mountain biking).
Name two wild animals seen in the tree canopies of Coorg.
– Malabar squirrels and langurs. (Other options: macaques, slender loris).
Which animal should visitors step aside for in Coorg forests?
– Wild elephants.
Which hills give a panoramic view of Coorg?
– The Brahmagiri hills.
Which island can be reached through a rope bridge?
– Nisargadhama island.
Where is India’s largest Tibetan settlement found?
– At Bylakuppe, near Coorg.
What colours do Buddhist monks’ robes have?
– Red, ochre, and yellow.

Short Answer (SA) – 2–3 marks

Why is Coorg called a ‘piece of heaven’?
– Because of its rolling hills, lush greenery, rich wildlife, and beautiful people, the land is compared to a drifting piece of heaven.
Describe the geographical location and natural beauty of Coorg.
– Coorg is located between Mysore and Mangalore. It is covered with evergreen forests, coffee plantations, spices and misty hills.
What is the best time to visit Coorg and why?
– Between September and March, when the weather is pleasant with occasional showers.
How are the people of Coorg different from the Hindu mainstream?
– Their marriages, religious rites and martial traditions are distinct from Hindus.
Explain the theory of Greek origin of the people of Coorg.
– A part of Alexander’s army settled here and married locals. Their culture influenced Coorgi martial traditions.
Explain the theory of Arab origin of the people of Coorg.
– The kuppia worn by Kodavus resembles the Arab kuffia, indicating Arab descent.
Describe the kuppia worn by the Kodavus.
– It is a long black coat with an embroidered waist-belt.
What do we learn about Coorgi traditions of hospitality and valour?
– They are known for warm hospitality and bravery. Their homes are welcoming, and they proudly share stories of soldiers’ courage.
Write a short note on the Coorg Regiment.
– It is one of the most decorated regiments of the Indian Army, known for courage and discipline.
What was General Cariappa’s contribution to the Indian Army?
– He was the first Chief of the Indian Army, belonging to Coorg.
How does the river Kaveri enrich Coorg?
– It provides water, supports fish, birds and animals, and is a place for elephant bathing.
Describe the aquatic and terrestrial life seen in Coorg’s riversides.
– Mahaseer fish, kingfishers, elephants, langurs and squirrels are found near the Kaveri river.
How do animals like squirrels and langurs enjoy the river?
– They drop half-eaten fruits into the water just to enjoy the splash.
Mention some adventure activities tourists can enjoy in Coorg.
– River rafting, canoeing, rappelling, rock climbing, mountain biking, trekking.
What makes Coorg a paradise for trekkers and nature lovers?
– Walking trails, forests, birds, bees, butterflies, and wildlife make it a natural paradise.
What variety of wildlife is seen in Coorg’s tree canopy?
– Macaques, Malabar squirrels, langurs and slender loris.
Why does the narrator prefer to step aside for wild elephants?
– Because they are huge, wild and dangerous.
What does the climb to the Brahmagiri hills offer to tourists?
– A panoramic view of the misty Coorg landscape.
What is special about Nisargadhama island?
– A sixty-four-acre island reached by a rope bridge, surrounded by natural beauty.
How do Buddhist monks at Bylakuppe add to the cultural richness of Coorg?
– Their colourful robes and peaceful presence add spirituality and diversity to Coorg.

Long Answer (LA) – 5–6 marks

Give a detailed description of Coorg’s natural beauty and environment.
– Coorg is located between Mysore and Mangalore, the smallest district of Karnataka. It has rolling hills, rainforests, coffee and spice plantations. Thirty percent of the area is covered by evergreen forests. The climate is pleasant from September to March, with occasional showers. The Kaveri river flows through, enriching flora and fauna. Wildlife includes elephants, birds, squirrels, langurs and butterflies. The Brahmagiri hills, Nisargadhama island, and Tibetan monks further add charm to its environment.
Discuss the origin and traditions of the people of Coorg.
– The Coorgis are believed to be of Greek or Arab descent. The Greek theory suggests that Alexander’s soldiers settled here. The Arab theory is supported by the kuppia, resembling the Arab kuffia. Their martial traditions, unique marriages, and religious rites distinguish them from Hindus. They are known for hospitality, bravery and valour.
How does the culture of Coorg reflect bravery, valour and independence?
– Coorgis are fiercely independent and brave. Their homes are full of stories of valour. The Coorg Regiment is highly decorated in the Indian Army. General Cariappa, a Coorgi, became the first Army Chief. Kodavus are the only Indians allowed to carry firearms without a licence.
Coorg is an adventure and wildlife paradise. Elaborate with examples.
– Coorg offers river rafting, canoeing, rappelling, mountain biking and trekking. The forests house macaques, langurs, squirrels, loris and elephants. Birds, bees and butterflies abound. The Kaveri river supports mahaseer fish, kingfishers and elephants. Thus, it is both an adventure and wildlife paradise.
“Coorg is not only about nature but also about people and culture.” Discuss.
– Along with natural beauty, Coorg has brave and hospitable people. Their unique traditions and martial spirit stand out. The decorated regiment and General Cariappa show their contribution to India. Monks at Bylakuppe enrich its culture. Thus, Coorg is about both nature and its people.
Write a character sketch of the Kodavus highlighting their lifestyle, customs, bravery and hospitality.
– Kodavus are independent, martial, and possibly of Greek or Arab origin. They wear kuppia and have distinct customs. Their homes are welcoming, and they proudly share stories of bravery. They serve in the Indian Army with distinction. They are the only community in India permitted to carry firearms without licence.
Describe how Coorg offers a mix of adventure, relaxation, history and spirituality to its visitors.
– Coorg provides adventure sports like rafting, canoeing and trekking. Its natural beauty, coffee plantations and misty hills offer relaxation. Its history is reflected in the valour of Kodavus, the decorated regiment, and General Cariappa. The Tibetan settlement at Bylakuppe adds spirituality, making it a complete experience.
In what ways does Coorg represent the “heart and soul of India”?
– Coorg represents India’s essence through its natural beauty, cultural diversity, bravery and spirituality. It has forests, rivers and wildlife. Its people are hospitable, independent and martial. The Coorg Regiment and General Cariappa show patriotism. The monks bring peace and diversity. Thus, Coorg reflects the heart and soul of India.

Coorg – MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions)

Paragraph 1–2

Coorg is located between:
a) Mysore and Bangalore
b) Mysore and Mangalore ✅
c) Cochin and Mangalore
d) Bangalore and Goa
Coorg is also called:
a) Tea country
b) Coffee country ✅
c) Spice valley
d) Kingdom of heaven
About what percentage of Coorg is covered with evergreen rainforests?
a) 10%
b) 20%
c) 30% ✅
d) 50%
Why do visitors avoid visiting Coorg during monsoon?
a) Too hot
b) Heavy rainfall ✅
c) No accommodation
d) Forest fires
What smell fills the air of Coorg?
a) Tea
b) Coffee ✅
c) Spices
d) Jasmine

Paragraph 3–4

The people of Coorg are believed to be descendants of:
a) Mongols and Arabs
b) Greeks and Arabs ✅
c) Persians and Turks
d) Indians and Chinese
Which story explains the Greek origin of the Coorgis?
a) A part of Alexander’s army settled here ✅
b) Greek traders migrated here
c) Coorg was a Greek colony
d) None of the above
What is the long black coat worn by Kodavus called?
a) Kuffia
b) Kuppia ✅
c) Kurta
d) Kameez
The kuppia resembles the:
a) Scottish kilt
b) Arab kuffia ✅
c) Persian robe
d) English coat
The Coorg Regiment is:
a) The oldest in India
b) One of the most decorated in the Indian Army ✅
c) A regiment of the British Army
d) A police battalion
Who was the first Chief of the Indian Army from Coorg?
a) Field Marshal Manekshaw
b) General Cariappa ✅
c) General Thimayya
d) General Singh
The Kodavus are the only Indians permitted to:
a) Wear black coats
b) Carry firearms without a licence ✅
c) Ride elephants
d) Own plantations

Paragraph 5–7

Which river originates in Coorg?
a) Ganga
b) Krishna
c) Kaveri ✅
d) Godavari
Mahaseer in the river is a:
a) Bird
b) Large freshwater fish ✅
c) Snake
d) Insect
Who scrubs elephants in the Kaveri river?
a) Tourists
b) Mahouts ✅
c) Farmers
d) Fishermen
What do squirrels and langurs do by the river?
a) Drink water
b) Drop half-eaten fruit into the river ✅
c) Fight with birds
d) Hunt fish
Which of these adventure sports is NOT mentioned in the lesson?
a) River rafting
b) Canoeing
c) Skiing ✅
d) Rock climbing
Which animals keep watch from the tree canopy in Coorg?
a) Tigers and lions
b) Macaques, langurs, squirrels ✅
c) Wolves and foxes
d) Leopards and hyenas
What should visitors step aside for?
a) Tigers
b) Elephants ✅
c) Deer
d) Snakes

Paragraph 8–9

Which hills give a panoramic view of Coorg?
a) Nilgiri
b) Brahmagiri ✅
c) Aravalli
d) Himalayas
Nisargadhama is a/an:
a) Waterfall
b) Island ✅
c) Cave
d) Hilltop
How big is Nisargadhama island?
a) 14 acres
b) 64 acres ✅
c) 100 acres
d) 120 acres
Which bridge leads to Nisargadhama?
a) Bamboo bridge
b) Rope bridge ✅
c) Stone bridge
d) Wooden bridge
India’s largest Tibetan settlement is found at:
a) Dharamshala
b) Sikkim
c) Bylakuppe ✅
d) Ladakh
What colours do Buddhist monks’ robes have?
a) White and blue
b) Red, ochre and yellow ✅
c) Green and orange
d) Black and white

A question of trust

MCQs from “A Question of Trust” –

1. How old was Horace Danby?
a) About 40 years
b) About 45 years
c) About 50 years
d) About 60 years
👉 Answer: c) About 50 years

2. Who lived with Horace Danby?
a) His wife
b) His daughter
c) His housekeeper
d) His sister
👉 Answer: c) His housekeeper

3. What was Horace Danby’s health problem?
a) Cough
b) Cold
c) Hay fever
d) Asthma
👉 Answer: c) Hay fever

4. What was Horace’s profession?
a) Goldsmith
b) Lock-maker
c) Gardener
d) Writer
👉 Answer: b) Lock-maker

5. How many helpers did Horace have in his business?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
👉 Answer: b) Two

6. Why did Horace steal once a year?
a) To buy rare and expensive books
b) To travel abroad
c) To donate to charity
d) To gamble
👉 Answer: a) To buy rare and expensive books

7. Where had Horace served his first and only sentence?
a) In the carpenter’s shop
b) In the prison library
c) In the prison kitchen
d) In the garden
👉 Answer: b) In the prison library

8. Which house did Horace plan to rob?
a) Shotover House
b) Shotover Grange
c) Silver Grange
d) Green Grange
👉 Answer: b) Shotover Grange

9. What was the value of the jewels in the safe?
a) Ten thousand pounds
b) Fifteen thousand pounds
c) Five thousand pounds
d) Twenty thousand pounds
👉 Answer: b) Fifteen thousand pounds

10. How much money did Horace expect after selling the jewels one by one?
a) At least £3,000
b) At least £4,000
c) At least £5,000
d) At least £6,000
👉 Answer: c) At least £5,000

11. What had Horace seen the housekeeper do?
a) Put food for the dog
b) Hide money in a drawer
c) Hang the kitchen door key outside on a hook
d) Switch off the alarm
👉 Answer: c) Hang the kitchen door key outside on a hook

12. What was Horace careful about while robbing?
a) Not leaving any fingerprints
b) Switching off lights
c) Wearing black clothes
d) Locking the doors
👉 Answer: a) Not leaving any fingerprints

13. What was the dog’s name in the house?
a) Sherry
b) Tommy
c) Micky
d) Jimmy
👉 Answer: a) Sherry

14. How did Horace keep the dog quiet?
a) By feeding him
b) By beating him
c) By calling him by his name and showing love
d) By locking him in another room
👉 Answer: c) By calling him by his name and showing love

15. Where was the safe located?
a) Behind a poor painting in the drawing room
b) In the bedroom cupboard
c) Under the staircase
d) In the kitchen
👉 Answer: a) Behind a poor painting in the drawing room

16. What hindered Horace while working near the safe?
a) The barking dog
b) The smell of flowers
c) Loud noise from outside
d) The poor light in the room
👉 Answer: b) The smell of flowers

17. Who spoke to Horace from the doorway?
a) The real mistress of the house
b) A servant
c) A pretty young woman in red
d) A policeman
👉 Answer: c) A pretty young woman in red

18. What was the young woman wearing?
a) A green dress
b) A white gown
c) A red dress
d) A blue sari
👉 Answer: c) A red dress

19. What was the woman’s tone when she first spoke to Horace?
a) Harsh
b) Gentle but firm
c) Angry
d) Afraid
👉 Answer: b) Gentle but firm

20. What excuse did the young lady give for needing the jewels?
a) She wanted to deposit them in the bank
b) She wanted to wear them to a party
c) She wanted to sell them
d) She wanted to gift them
👉 Answer: b) She wanted to wear them to a party

21. Why couldn’t the young lady open the safe herself?
a) She forgot the numbers of the lock
b) She lost the key
c) The lock was jammed
d) The alarm was not working
👉 Answer: a) She forgot the numbers of the lock

22. Why did Horace remove his gloves?
a) To open the safe faster
b) To give his lighter to the lady
c) To shake hands with her
d) To wipe his face
👉 Answer: b) To give his lighter to the lady

23. Within how much time did Horace open the safe for the lady?
a) Half an hour
b) One hour
c) Two hours
d) Four hours
👉 Answer: b) One hour

24. What promise did Horace make to the lady?
a) Never to rob her house again
b) To never rob anyone again
c) To return her jewels
d) To pay her money
👉 Answer: b) To never rob anyone again

25. Why was Horace arrested?
a) He was caught selling the jewels
b) The servants saw him
c) His fingerprints were found on the safe
d) The lady informed the police
👉 Answer: c) His fingerprints were found on the safe

26. What did the real mistress of the house look like?
a) A pretty young woman
b) A middle-aged lady
c) A grey-haired, sharp-tongued woman of sixty
d) A weak old woman
👉 Answer: c) A grey-haired, sharp-tongued woman of sixty

27. What was Horace’s new job in prison?
a) Cook
b) Guard
c) Assistant librarian
d) Sweeper
👉 Answer: c) Assistant librarian

28. What makes Horace angry in prison?
a) When anyone talks about his hay fever
b) When anyone talks about books
c) When anyone talks about ‘honour among thieves’
d) When anyone laughs at him
👉 Answer: c) When anyone talks about ‘honour among thieves’

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What was Horace Danby’s profession?
a) A writer
b) A lock-maker
c) A jeweller
d) A servant
👉 Answer: b) A lock-maker

2. Why did people think Horace was an honest man?
a) He donated money to charity
b) He was unmarried and quiet
c) He lived respectfully with his housekeeper
d) He appeared respectable and never got into trouble
👉 Answer: d) He appeared respectable and never got into trouble

3. What did Horace Danby love the most?
a) Jewels
b) Paintings
c) Rare, expensive books
d) Antique furniture
👉 Answer: c) Rare, expensive books

4. How often did Horace rob a safe?
a) Every six months
b) Once every year
c) Once every two years
d) Every month
👉 Answer: b) Once every year

5. Where was the house Horace planned to rob?
a) Shotover Grange
b) Shotover Garden
c) London Grange
d) Silver Grange
👉 Answer: a) Shotover Grange

6. What was the value of jewels in the safe?
a) Ten thousand pounds
b) Fifteen thousand pounds
c) Five thousand pounds
d) Twenty thousand pounds
👉 Answer: b) Fifteen thousand pounds

7. What was Horace Danby suffering from?
a) Asthma
b) Cough
c) Cold
d) Hay fever
👉 Answer: d) Hay fever

8. What was the name of the dog in the house?
a) Tommy
b) Sherry
c) Brownie
d) Micky
👉 Answer: b) Sherry

9. Who caught Horace while he was opening the safe?
a) The old mistress of the house
b) A young woman in red
c) A policeman
d) The two servants
👉 Answer: b) A young woman in red

10. What excuse did the young lady give for needing the jewels?
a) She wanted to sell them
b) She had to wear them to a party
c) She wanted to keep them safe in the bank
d) She wanted to gift them
👉 Answer: b) She had to wear them to a party

11. Why did Horace remove his gloves?
a) To shake hands with the lady
b) To give her his lighter
c) To open the safe quickly
d) Because he forgot
👉 Answer: b) To give her his lighter

12. How was Horace finally caught?
a) The servants saw him
b) The lady complained
c) His fingerprints were found on the safe
d) He was seen selling the jewels
👉 Answer: c) His fingerprints were found on the safe

13. Who was the real mistress of the house?
a) A young pretty lady
b) An old, sharp-tongued woman of sixty
c) A servant woman
d) The thief lady herself
👉 Answer: b) An old, sharp-tongued woman of sixty

14. Where was Horace’s first prison sentence served?
a) In the carpenter’s workshop
b) In the prison library
c) In a lock-making factory
d) In the dining hall
👉 Answer: b) In the prison library

15. What is Horace Danby’s job in prison now?
a) Guard
b) Cook
c) Assistant librarian
d) Cleaner
👉 Answer: c) Assistant librarian

Very Short Answer Questions (VSA)

(Answer in one sentence)

1. How old was Horace Danby?
👉 He was about fifty years old.

2. With whom did Horace live?
👉 He lived with his housekeeper.

3. What was Horace Danby’s profession?
👉 He made locks and was successful in his business.

4. What health problem did Horace suffer from?
👉 He suffered from hay fever.

5. What did Horace love the most?
👉 He loved rare and expensive books.

6. Why did Horace rob a safe every year?
👉 To buy rare and expensive books.

7. Where had Horace served his first sentence?
👉 In the prison library.

8. What was the name of the house he planned to rob?
👉 Shotover Grange.

9. What was the value of jewels in the safe?
👉 Fifteen thousand pounds.

10. What was the name of the dog in the house?
👉 Sherry.

11. Where was the safe located?
👉 Behind a poor painting in the drawing room.

12. Who caught Horace while opening the safe?
👉 A young, pretty woman dressed in red.

13. Why couldn’t the lady open the safe herself?
👉 Because she had forgotten the combination numbers.

14. Why did Horace remove his gloves?
👉 To give his lighter to the lady.

15. What excuse did the young lady give for needing the jewels?
👉 She said she wanted to wear them to a party.

16. How long did Horace take to open the safe for the lady?
👉 Within an hour.

17. Why was Horace arrested later?
👉 Because his fingerprints were found on the safe.

18. Who was the real mistress of Shotover Grange?
👉 A sixty-year-old grey-haired, sharp-tongued woman.

19. What is Horace’s work in prison now?
👉 He is the assistant librarian.

20. What makes Horace angry in prison?
👉 When anyone talks about “honour among thieves.”

Short Answer Questions (SA)

1. Why was Horace considered an honest man by everyone?
👉 Everyone thought Horace was honest because he appeared respectable, lived quietly with his housekeeper, and never got into open trouble, though secretly he robbed a safe once a year.

2. What was Horace’s real intention behind stealing?
👉 Horace loved rare and expensive books, so he robbed a safe once a year and used the stolen money to buy books through an agent.

3. How did Horace plan the robbery at Shotover Grange?
👉 He studied the house for two weeks, observed the servants’ routine, and found that the key to the kitchen door was left outside. He also learned the position of the safe and the weak burglar alarm.

4. How did Horace pacify the dog Sherry?
👉 Horace called the dog by its name, spoke kindly, and showed affection, which made the dog friendly and quiet.

5. How did the young lady trick Horace Danby?
👉 She pretended to be the mistress of the house and convinced Horace to open the safe for her jewels, claiming she needed them for a party. In reality, she herself was a thief.

6. Why did Horace remove his gloves, and how did it cost him later?
👉 He removed his gloves to give his lighter to the lady. Because of that, his fingerprints were left on the safe, which later led to his arrest.

7. Why did Horace believe the lady and open the safe for her?
👉 Horace was desperate to avoid prison and trusted the lady because she spoke gently, appeared respectable, and promised to let him go if he helped her.

8. What happened to Horace after the robbery?
👉 He was arrested because of his fingerprints on the safe. Nobody believed his story about the lady, and the real mistress denied it.

9. Describe the real mistress of Shotover Grange.
👉 She was a sixty-year-old, grey-haired, sharp-tongued woman, very different from the young, pretty lady who had tricked Horace.

10. What is Horace’s job in prison, and how does he feel there?
👉 He now works as an assistant librarian in prison. He often feels angry when anyone talks about “honour among thieves” because he was deceived by a thief himself.

Thursday, August 21, 2025

Fill in the Blanks (Present & Past Tense )

She ___ (go) to school every day.
I ___ (finish) my homework already.
They ___ (play) football yesterday evening.
We ___ (live) here since 2010.
Listen! The baby ___ (cry) now.
My brother ___ (read) this novel last night.
He ___ (not/like) spicy food.
When I reached the station, the train ___ (already/leave).
The sun ___ (rise) in the east.
They ___ (wait) for two hours before the bus came.
She ___ (write) a letter at the moment.
We ___ (visit) the zoo last Sunday.
He ___ (work) in this office for five years.
While we ___ (play), it started to rain.
Water ___ (boil) at 100°C.
They ___ (not/go) to school yesterday.
My parents always ___ (wake) up early.
She ___ (cook) dinner when I entered the kitchen.
Look! The boys ___ (run) in the field.
By the time we reached, they ___ (eat) all the food.
He never ___ (drink) coffee.
The children ___ (play) in the park now.
I ___ (meet) him yesterday.
We ___ (wait) for you since morning.
Riya ___ (study) for her exams now.
He ___ (lose) his pen yesterday.
The earth ___ (move) around the sun.
The teacher ___ (explain) the lesson when the bell rang.
She ___ (sing) beautifully.
They ___ (build) a new house last year.
The train usually ___ (arrive) on time.
My father ___ (buy) a new shirt yesterday.
I ___ (see) that movie three times.
The baby ___ (sleep) when I knocked on the door.
We always ___ (pray) before dinner.
He ___ (write) five books so far.
Look! The birds ___ (fly) in the sky.
The students ___ (listen) to the teacher yesterday.
She ___ (talk) on the phone right now.
The boy ___ (clean) the room at the moment.
They ___ (swim) in the river yesterday afternoon.
The old man ___ (walk) slowly down the road.
The teacher ___ (ask) many questions yesterday.
I ___ (never/be) to Delhi.
When I was a child, I ___ (play) with toys a lot.
She ___ (not/complete) her work yet.
They ___ (travel) to Guwahati last week.
He ___ (just/come) back from the market.
The girls ___ (dance) at the party yesterday.
She ___ (study) since morning without a break.
We ___ (eat) rice and curry for lunch yesterday.
The baby ___ (cry) loudly last night.
He ___ (wait) for the bus at the stop now.
My sister ___ (wash) the clothes yesterday.
We ___ (know) him for many years.
The dog ___ (chase) the cat yesterday.
My father ___ (work) in an office.
They ___ (sleep) when I phoned them.
The children ___ (laugh) loudly now.
I ___ (not/see) him yesterday.
He ___ (already/finish) his meal.
They ___ (visit) our house last month.
We ___ (watch) TV right now.
She ___ (cook) when the guests arrived.
Birds ___ (make) nests in trees.
He ___ (go) to the market every Sunday.
I ___ (tell) him the truth yesterday.
The students ___ (write) their homework now.
They ___ (be) in London for two weeks.
When I got home, my brother ___ (sleep).
He ___ (always/help) me.
The boy ___ (throw) a stone yesterday.
She ___ (read) the newspaper every morning.
We ___ (play) football in the evening yesterday.
The teacher ___ (teach) English at this moment.
I ___ (work) on this project since last year.
Cows ___ (eat) grass.
They ___ (climb) the hill yesterday.
She ___ (already/visit) the Taj Mahal.
He ___ (draw) a picture last night.
The girls ___ (sing) right now.
By 8 p.m. yesterday, I ___ (finish) my homework.
My brother ___ (swim) in the river yesterday.
She ___ (open) the window just now.
The children ___ (shout) happily yesterday.
We ___ (close) the door a minute ago.
They ___ (learn) English last year.
The boy ___ (study) hard when his friend called him.
I ___ (already/see) this film.
She ___ (speak) politely.
They ___ (stand) near the door yesterday.
My sister ___ (cook) dinner today.
We ___ (wait) at the station when the train arrived.
The dog always ___ (bark) at strangers.
She ___ (wear) a red dress yesterday.
They ___ (not/complete) the work in time.
Look! The teacher ___ (come) now.
He ___ (catch) the ball yesterday.
I ___ (break) my pencil in class yesterday.
The boy ___ (read) a novel now.