Narration:-কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বক্তাৰ বক্তব্য বা কথাকেই উক্তি (Narration) বোলে।
Narration 2 প্ৰকাৰ :-
a)Direct Narration (প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি)
b) Indirect Narration (পৰোক্ষ উক্তি)
DIRECT NARRATION:-বক্তাই নিজে কোৱা কথা বা বক্তব্য ই হৈছে direct narration বা প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি। Direct Narration ত বক্তাই কোৱা কথা খিনি হুবহু ৰূপত উদ্ধৃত কৰাহয়।
INDIRECT NARRATION:- বক্তাই কোৱা কথাখিনি আনে যদি নিজৰ কথাৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰে,তাকে Indirect narration বা পৰোক্ষ উক্তি বোলা হয়।
DIRECT NARRATION ৰ পৰা INDIRECT NARRATION লৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰাৰ কিছুমান নিয়ম আছে।
আমি নিয়মসমূহ জনাৰ আগত কেইটামান কথা জানি লব লাগিব।সেইকেইটা হ'ল--
a) reporting speech,
b) reporting verb,
c) reported speech,
d) reported verb.
আমি এটা বাক্যৰ দ্বাৰা এইবিলাক জানো আহা।
He said to me,"I did the work yesterday."
এই বাক্যটোত --
He said to me, = Reporting speech.
said = Reporting verb.
He = Reporting speech ৰ SUBJECT.
me = Reporting speech ৰ OBJECT.
"I did the work yesterday" = Reported speech.
did = Reported verb.
I = Reported speech ৰ SUBJECT.
the work = Reported speech ৰ OBJECT.
Yesterday = time expression ( সময়সূচক)
প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি (direct speech ) এটা ৰ প্ৰথম অংশ ক কোৱা হয় Reporting Speech. Reporting speech ত থকা verb টোক reporting verb বুলি কোৱা হয়।যেনে ওপৰৰ বাক্যটোত He said to me, অংশ টো reporting speech.ইয়াত থকা verb (said) টোক reporting Verb বোলে।
Direct Narration এটাৰ দ্বিতীয় অংশ ক কোৱা হয় Reported Speech.
এই অংশটো inverted comma ( " " ) ৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। ইয়াত থকা verb টোক reported verb বুলি কোৱা হয়।যেনে ওপৰৰ বাক্যটোত "I did the work yesterday " অংশ টো reported speech । ইয়াত থকা verb টো ( did) ক Reported Verb বোলে।
Direct narration ৰ পৰা indirect narration লৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰাৰ নিয়ম --
1.Reporting speech ত কোনো Object থাকিলে reporting verb টো said ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে told কৰা হয় আৰু যদি object নাথাকে,তেতিয়া said ৰ পৰিবৰ্তন নহয়। ঠিক সেইদৰে say টো tell কৰা হয়,says টো tells কৰা হয়। যেনে --
Narration 2 প্ৰকাৰ :-
a)Direct Narration (প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি)
b) Indirect Narration (পৰোক্ষ উক্তি)
DIRECT NARRATION:-বক্তাই নিজে কোৱা কথা বা বক্তব্য ই হৈছে direct narration বা প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি। Direct Narration ত বক্তাই কোৱা কথা খিনি হুবহু ৰূপত উদ্ধৃত কৰাহয়।
INDIRECT NARRATION:- বক্তাই কোৱা কথাখিনি আনে যদি নিজৰ কথাৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰে,তাকে Indirect narration বা পৰোক্ষ উক্তি বোলা হয়।
DIRECT NARRATION ৰ পৰা INDIRECT NARRATION লৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰাৰ কিছুমান নিয়ম আছে।
আমি নিয়মসমূহ জনাৰ আগত কেইটামান কথা জানি লব লাগিব।সেইকেইটা হ'ল--
a) reporting speech,
b) reporting verb,
c) reported speech,
d) reported verb.
আমি এটা বাক্যৰ দ্বাৰা এইবিলাক জানো আহা।
He said to me,"I did the work yesterday."
এই বাক্যটোত --
He said to me, = Reporting speech.
said = Reporting verb.
He = Reporting speech ৰ SUBJECT.
me = Reporting speech ৰ OBJECT.
"I did the work yesterday" = Reported speech.
did = Reported verb.
I = Reported speech ৰ SUBJECT.
the work = Reported speech ৰ OBJECT.
Yesterday = time expression ( সময়সূচক)
প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি (direct speech ) এটা ৰ প্ৰথম অংশ ক কোৱা হয় Reporting Speech. Reporting speech ত থকা verb টোক reporting verb বুলি কোৱা হয়।যেনে ওপৰৰ বাক্যটোত He said to me, অংশ টো reporting speech.ইয়াত থকা verb (said) টোক reporting Verb বোলে।
Direct Narration এটাৰ দ্বিতীয় অংশ ক কোৱা হয় Reported Speech.
এই অংশটো inverted comma ( " " ) ৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। ইয়াত থকা verb টোক reported verb বুলি কোৱা হয়।যেনে ওপৰৰ বাক্যটোত "I did the work yesterday " অংশ টো reported speech । ইয়াত থকা verb টো ( did) ক Reported Verb বোলে।
Direct narration ৰ পৰা indirect narration লৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰাৰ নিয়ম --
1.Reporting speech ত কোনো Object থাকিলে reporting verb টো said ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে told কৰা হয় আৰু যদি object নাথাকে,তেতিয়া said ৰ পৰিবৰ্তন নহয়। ঠিক সেইদৰে say টো tell কৰা হয়,says টো tells কৰা হয়। যেনে --
i)He said to me,"I did the work yesterday." (direct)
Ans:-He told me that he had done the work the day before. (indirect)
ওপৰত direct ৰ পৰা indirect লৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰা বাক্যটো চালে দেখা পাবা যে --
He said to me, ইয়াত me টো Reporting speech টো ৰ object । সেয়ে indirect narration লৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰিলে পাঁও --
He said to me, = He told me
ii) They say to me"We can do it."
Ans:-They tell me that they can do that.
iii) He says to me"I like sweet."
Ans:- He tells me that he likes sweet.
2) কমা ( , ) ৰ ঠাইত that বহে। That হৈছে এটা conjunction বা সংযোজক অব্যয়।
3) Reported Speech ত থকা উৰ্দ্ধকমা (Inverted comma ) ( " " ) উঠি যায়।
4) Reporting speech ৰ Subject আৰু Object অনুসৰি Reported Speech ৰ Subject আৰু object Pronoun বিলাকৰ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়।যেনে--
Direct = Indirect
I = He,she,
We = they,
You = I,he,she,we,they
He = he
She = she
It =it
My = his,her
Me = him,her
Our = their
5) Reporting Verb টো past tense ৰ হ'লে reported speech ৰ Tense ৰ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়।
OR
Reporting verb ৰ Tense অনুসৰি Reported Speech ৰ Tense ৰ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়।
OR
Reporting verb ৰ tense অনুসৰি reported verb ৰ tense ৰ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়।
Reported speech ৰ TENSE ৰ পৰিবৰ্তন :----
Direct ---------------- - Indirect
Present idefinite --------- past indefinite
present continuous----past continuous
Present perfect -------------- past perfect
present perfect coninuous -----
---- past perfect continuos
Past Indefinite --------------- past perfect
past continuous ----------------
-----------------------past perfect continuous
Past perfect ----------------------- no change
past perfect continuous ---- no change
Shall/Will ---------------- Would
Can ------------------- could
May ----------------- might
5) Reporting verb টো present বা future tense হ'লে reported speech ৰ tense ৰ পৰিবৰ্তন নহয়।যেনে:---
i)He says,"I can do it"
Ans:-He says that he can do it.
ii) She says,"I did a good job."
Ans:- He says that he did a good job.
6) Reported speech টো যদি চিৰসত্য ঘটনা (Universal truth),সঁচা কথা, অভ্যাসগত কাম (habitual work) হয়,তেতিয়া tense ৰ পৰিবৰ্তন নহয়।যেনে :-
i) The teacher said to the students," The earth moves round the sun."
Ans:- The teacher told the students that the earth moves round the sun.
ii) He said,"I always write with my left hand."
Ans:- He said that he always writes with his left hand.
7) Reported speech ত থকা সময়সূচক (time expression) বা adverbs of time,adverbs of place আদি বুজোৱা শব্দ বিলাকৰ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়।
Direct ------------- Indirect
Now -------then,
Today-----Thatday,
To-night ------ That night
Yesterday------------
----------The day before,the previous day,
last month ---The previous month
last year ----the previous year.
Tomorrow --the next day,
Next month --- The following month,
Next year --- The following year.
Ago --------------- before
This ------------ that
These ---------- those
It ------------------ that
Here -------------- there
Come ------------- go
a) He said to me,"I play cricket".
Ans:-He told me that he played cricket.
b)She said to me,"I am reading a novel."
Ans:-She told me that she was reading a novel.
c) The boy said,"I have done the work."
Ans:- The boy said that he had done the work.
d) Kankana said, "My mother has been cooking for two hours."
Ans:-Kankana said that her mother had been cooking for two hours.
e) The boy said to the girl,"I bought it for you."
Ans':- The boy told the girl that he had bought that for her.
f) He said to me,"I was playing then."
Ans:- He told me that he had been playing then.
g) The man said,"I had done it."
Ans:- The man said that he had done that.
h) She said,"I had been doing the work for two hours."
Ans :-She said that she had been doing the work for two hours.
i)He said,"I shall do the work tomorrow."
Ans:- He said that he would do the work the next day.
j) The boy said,"My friend will meet me next week."
Ans :- The boy said that his friend would meet him the following week.
k) The boy said to the old man,"I can help you."
Ans:- The boy told the old man that he could help him.
HOMEWORK
Change the form of narration:--
1. He said,"I shall post the letter tomorrow."
2. Anil said,I made some money yesterday."
3. He said to me,"I saw you yesterday."
4. I said to him,"I visited Delhi last year."
5. Rina said,"I have finished my work."
6. She said to me,"I do not know you."
7. Arun says,"I know how to play football."
8. Atul said to me,"I bought a new camera yesterday."
9. Amal said to me,"I can easily cure the patient."
10. The teacher said to the girl,"I have no time to teach you."
11. My mother said,"we should help him."
12.Bipul said to me,"A coward has no right to live."
13.You said to them,"You will meet me tomorrow."
14.Mother said to father,"I want a help from you."
15.The gentleman said to the boy,"You will come tomorrow to meet me."
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE (প্ৰশ্নবোধক বাক্য) :-
Interrogative sentence ৰ Narration change কৰোঁতে
আমি মন কৰিব লাগিব যে Reported Speech ত কি ধৰণৰ প্ৰশ্ন ৰ অৱতাৰনা কৰিছে।দুই ধৰণৰ প্ৰশ্ন আছে
i)Yes-No type question
ii) Wh question .
Yes-no type ৰ প্ৰশ্নবোৰৰ উত্তৰ yes নাইবা no ৰে দিব পাৰি।কিন্তু Wh question বিলাকৰ উত্তৰ yes বা no ৰে দিব নোৱাৰি।Yes- No type questions বিলাক Auxiliary verb ( সহায়কাৰী ক্ৰিয়া) ৰে আৰম্ভ হয়।আনহাতে Wh question বিলাক Wh word যেনে who,which,what,when,
whom আদিৰে আৰম্ভ হয়।
Inerrogative sentence ৰ Narration Change কৰোঁতে ---
a) Reporting Verb টো Said ৰ পৰিবৰ্তে asked বা enquired of কৰা হয়।
b)কমা(,)ৰ ঠাইত if বা whether ব্যবহাৰ কৰা হয় যদিহে Reported Speech ৰ উত্তৰ Yes বা no ৰে দিব পাৰি।
c)যদি reported speech টো Wh word ৰে আৰম্ভ হয়,তেতিয়া কমা (,) ৰ ঠাইত Wh word টোৱেই ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।এনে বাক্যত if বা whether ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নহয়।
d) Reported speech ত subject টো আগলৈ অনা হয় আৰু auxiliary verb টো Subject ৰ পিছত বহুওৱা হয়।প্ৰশ্নবোধক চিন উঠি যায়।বাক্যৰ শেষত full stop (.) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
e)Reporting verb টো Past tense ৰ হ'লে Reported Speech ৰ Tense ৰ পৰিবৰ্তন হয়।
Change the form of narration ---
a)He said to me,"Can you do the work?"
Ans:- He asked me if I could do the work.
or
He enquired of me whether I could do the work.
Or
He asked me whether I could do the work.
Or
He enquired of me if I could do the work.
2.I said to him,"Are you playing football?"
Ans:- I asked him if he was playing football.
3)They said to him,"Will you help us?"
Ans:- They asked him if he would help them.
4)She said to the boy,"When will you meet me again?"
Ans:- She asked the boy when he would meet her again.
5) I said to her,"What is your name?"
Ans:- I asked her what her name was.
Imperative Sentence
(আদেশ,উপদেশ,অনুৰুধ আদি বুজোৱা বাক্য)
Imperative Sentence ৰ Narration Change ৰ নিয়ম :-
a) Reported Speech ৰ অৰ্থ অনুসৰি Reporting Verb টো said ৰ পৰিবৰ্তে ordered,requested,
advised,Commanded,told,asked আদি কৰা হয়।
b) কমা (,) ৰ ঠাইত to ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
1) He said to him,"Go to the market at once."
Ans:- He ordered him to go to the market at once.
2)He said to the boy,"Always speak the truth."
Ans:- He advised the boy to always speak the truth.
3) I said to him,"Please give me a glass of water."
Ans:- I requested him to give me a glass of water.
4)The Captain said to the soldiers,"March Forward."
Ans:- The Captain commanded the soldiers to march forward.
5)He said to me,"Take this book."
Ans:- He told me to take that book."
Exercises
Narration (Imperative Sentence)
(of textbook class viii.page no 28)
a)The poet said to the old man,"Feel the cool breeze on your face."
Ans:- The poet told the old man to feel the cool breeze on his face.
b) The man said to me,"Listen to the gurgling of that little baby."
Ans:- The man told me to listen to the gurgling of that little baby.
c) The teacher said to us,"Enjoy your holidays."
Ans:- The teacher told us to enjoy our holidays.
d)She said to me,"Tell me your mobile phone number."
Ans:- She asked me to tell
her my mobile number.
e) My mother tells us,"Always obey your teachers."
Ans:- My mother advises us to always obey our teachers.
f) I said to him,"Come to our house tomorrow."
Ans:- I told him to come to our house the next day.
g)She said to me,"Get me a glass of water,please."
Ans:- She requested me to get her a glass of water.
h) The man said to me,"Please close the gate."
Ans:- The man requested me to close the gate.
Homewok Ans
Homework answer
Change the form of Narration.
1. I said, "I bought it yesterday."
Ans:- I said that I had bought that the day before.
2.I said to Geeta, "Can you ride a bicycle?"
Ans:- I asked Geeta if she could ride a bicycle.
3.The teacher said,"The earth is round."
Ans:- The teacher said that the earth is round.
4.Anil said, "I made some money yesterday."
Ans:- Anil said that he had made some money the day before.
5.The mechanic said, "I will repair your car tomorrow."
Ans:- The mechanic said that he would repair my car the next day.
6.The man said to me, "Are you a student?"
Ans:- The man asked me if I was a student.
7. He said to me,"I know you."
Ans :- He told me that he knew me.
8. He asked me if I could help him.
Ans :- He said to me,"Can you help me?"
9.I said,"What a fool I am!"
Ans:- I exclaimed with sorrow that I was a great fool.
Or
I exclaimed with regret that I was a great fool.
10.The teacher said to me,"Spell the word naughty."
Ans:- The teacher told me to spell the word naughty.
